Some old studies that drew attention to perception errors
Perceptions of firms’ environments do not correlate with “objective” data (Tosi, Aldag & Storey, 1973; Downey, Hellriegel & Slocum, 1975).
Perceptions of firms do not correlate with “objective” data, and managers disagree with each other greatly (Payne & Pugh, 1976).
Introspections are not insights but commonsense theories (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977).